70 Years’ Development of Agricultural Science and Technology in New China

　　1949In, People’s Republic of China (PRC) was founded, and the development of agricultural science and technology in China opened a new historical chapter. Under the strong leadership of previous central leading collectives and with the joint efforts of generations of agricultural science and technology workers, the development of agricultural science and technology in China has undergone earth-shaking changes, and the development of agricultural science and technology in China has undergone historic changes from small to large and from weak to strong. At present, the overall level of agricultural science and technology innovation in China has entered the second phalanx in the world, and the contribution rate of agricultural science and technology progress has reached58.3%It has played an important role in ensuring national food security, increasing farmers’ income and green agricultural development, and has become the most important driving force for promoting China’s agricultural and rural economic growth.　

　　70In recent years, it has developed from several agricultural experimental sites into the most complete agricultural science and technology innovation system in the world. At present, China’s agricultural science and technology innovation system has a complete hierarchy from central to local, and the number of institutions, the scale of personnel, and the coverage of industries and disciplines are the highest in the world.In the construction of scientific research system,On the basis of several agricultural experimental sites in Beijing, Huai ‘an, Baoding and Jinan before the founding of New China, a system of agricultural scientific research institutions at the central, provincial and local levels was quickly established. Reform and opening up ushered in the spring of the development of science and technology, and the policy environment, institutional environment and investment support environment have been greatly improved. At present, the number of agricultural scientific research institutions at or above the prefecture level in China has reached1035A.In the construction of technology extension system,The agricultural technology extension system has experienced a difficult period of establishment, a painful period of "broken lines and scattered networks" under the double impact of market and system reform, and a period of integrated development of "one subject and multiple elements" in the new era. Agricultural extension agencies at all levels earnestly perform their duties of promoting advanced and practical technologies, monitoring, forecasting and preventing animal and plant diseases and agricultural disasters, and have made great contributions to the sustained and stable development of agriculture and rural areas.In the construction of education and training system,China’s farmers’ education and training system has experienced amateur schools, literacy campaign committees, cadre schools, "May 7th University", agricultural radio and television schools at all levels, and the modern new professional farmers’ education and training system of "one master and multiple", which has played a positive role in improving farmers’ scientific production, civilized life and innovative management.　

　　70In recent years, from the traditional production of "depending on the weather", it has developed into a modern agricultural technology system with improved varieties and good methods and the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy. After the founding of New China, Mao Zedong put forward the "Eight-character Constitution of Agriculture", which has played a positive role and far-reaching influence on scientific farming until today.In terms of variety cultivation,For a long time, the seed source of agricultural production in China was kept by farmers, and the major technological breakthroughs represented by dwarf breeding, distant hybridization and heterosis utilization contributed tofive～sixThe varieties of secondary crops were updated, and the grain yield per unit area was increased from the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China.sixty-ninekilogram/Mu has increased to the present375kilogram/Mu, the coverage rate of improved varieties reached96%Above.In pest control,In the early days of the People’s Republic of China, faced with the disasters caused by locusts taking off year after year, the outbreak and spread of wheat stripe rust and the ravages of cotton bollworm, there were almost no effective means of prevention and control. After several generations of efforts, a scientific and effective technical system for monitoring, early warning and prevention and control of pests and diseases was gradually established to ensure that no major biological disasters occurred in a large area.In facility agriculture,From eating only radish and cabbage stored in winter in the north to relying on protected agricultural production, the annual supply of fresh vegetables and fruits has been realized, and the restrictions of natural conditions such as water temperature and light on agricultural production have been broken. From plastic greenhouses and arch sheds to modern solar greenhouses and multi-span greenhouses, the total area has reached the sum of other countries.fiveMore than twice the scale of facility agriculture.　

　　70Over the years, relying on the scientific research method of "one ruler and one steelyard", it has developed into a platform system of scientific and technological innovation conditions with complete facilities and excellent equipment. The platform construction of agricultural science and technology conditions in China has achieved historic transformation and earth-shaking changes from point to surface, from small scale to large scale.In the construction of basic conditions for agricultural scientific research,A series of capacity-building plans for scientific research conditions have been issued successively, a large number of scientific instruments and equipment have been equipped, and the housing repair, infrastructure improvement, equipment purchase and upgrading of scientific research units have been implemented, greatly improving the scientific and technological basic conditions of agricultural scientific research institutions at all levels.In terms of scientific and engineering research platforms,It has built a large number of major national scientific and technological infrastructures, such as the national major scientific project of crop genetic resources and genetic improvement, the national high-level biosafety laboratory for animal disease prevention and control, as well as national laboratories, state key laboratories and provincial key agricultural laboratories, and has a number of "national heavy weapons" in the agricultural field.In terms of platform construction for technological innovation and achievement transformation,A number of national engineering laboratories, national engineering technology research centers and national crop improvement centers (sub-centers) have been built around key technologies and engineering technologies, major equipment and product research and development, which have accelerated the transformation and industrialization of agricultural scientific and technological achievements.In terms of the construction of basic support and conditional support platforms,Around the basic and long-term work of agricultural science and technology, a number of national field observation and research stations, field observation and test stations of the Ministry of Agriculture, national crop germplasm resources bank (nursery) and national agricultural science data center have been built, which has laid a solid foundation for agricultural science and technology research.　

　　70In recent years, from the traditional mode of production of "people carrying cows and pulling them", it has developed into a modern mode of production with mechanization, automation and intelligence. China’s agricultural production mode has achieved a historic leap from human and animal power to mechanical operation. At present, the comprehensive mechanization rate of crop cultivation and harvest in China exceeds67%In some fields and links, the "machine substitution" has been gradually realized, which has significantly enhanced the comprehensive agricultural production capacity.In the development of agricultural machinery and equipment,"Dongfanghong"200Horsepower tractors fill the gap of domestic high-powered tractors, and have been developed successively.4000A variety of machinery and equipment such as ploughing and land preparation, planting machinery, field management, harvesting, postpartum treatment and processing.In the aspect of overall mechanization of the main links of major crops,Wheat production is basically mechanized in the whole process, and the mechanization rate of rice and corn cultivation exceeds80%The mechanization level of rape, peanut, soybean and cotton has been greatly improved, and the facilities and mechanization of livestock and poultry aquaculture, fruit and vegetable tea and facility gardening have made great progress.In terms of precision and intelligence of agricultural production informatization,Pass by40Introduction, digestion and innovative development in 2000,2018The proportion of China’s agricultural digital economy in the added value of the industry has reached7.3%The online retail sales of agricultural products maintained rapid growth.2018Reach the year2305100 million yuan. China’s intelligent agricultural machinery and robots, drone plant protection services, agricultural Internet of Things, plant factories and agricultural big data account for the proportion of the global agricultural science and technology market, respectively.34%、45%、34%、thirty percentandthirty percent.　

　　70In recent years, the extensive production mode of "big water, big fertilizer and big medicine" has been transformed into a resource-saving and environment-friendly green development mode. China’s basic national conditions, resource endowments and stage characteristics of development determine that we must take the green development road of "one control, two reductions and three basics".In terms of water conservation in agriculture,twentycentury50Since the s, China has successively builtfour hundredMany irrigation experimental stations have produced a large number of outstanding achievements in the theoretical methods, key technologies, important equipment and management norms in the fields of dry farming and water saving, drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation, and the water-saving irrigation area has reached.4.66100 million mu.In that scientific application of chemical fertilizer and pesticides,From the excessive application oriented to increasing production in 1970s and 1980s to the scientific application oriented to improving quality at present, the transformation from excessive application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to zero growth and negative growth has been realized. The fertilization mode of soil testing, formula fertilization and integration of water and fertilizer was comprehensively popularized, and the action of replacing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer was implemented. A number of high-efficiency and low-toxicity pesticides and biological pesticides have been created, and the biological prevention and control technology of crops has developed rapidly.In that resource utilization of agricultural waste,Crop straw has changed from simple fuel to multi-purpose comprehensive utilization such as fuel, raw material, feed, fertilizer and base material. Livestock and poultry waste has changed from direct discharge to centralized treatment and recycling, and the "white pollution" of cultivated land caused by the use of agricultural film is being gradually controlled and solved through mechanical picking, unified recycling and biodegradation.　

　　70Over the past years, China has inherited, carried forward and accumulated some valuable good experiences and practices in promoting the development of agricultural science and technology, mainly adhering to the Party’s leadership over agricultural science and technology work, always following the laws governing the development of agriculture and agricultural science and technology, always taking the road of independent innovation of agricultural science and technology with China characteristics, always promoting the reform and innovation of agricultural science and technology system and mechanism, always persisting in the institutional advantages of concentrating on doing great things, and always persisting in planning guidance and legal protection.